Amazing that he would spend 8 years investigating the nuance between testimony and narration and nowadays -with all of the worlds information at our fingertips, we can't even spend 8 minutes finding out whether what we are transmitting is even truthful

Al-Qarāfī: The Distinctions The first distinction is the difference between Testimony (الشهادة) and Narration (الرواية ). Imam al-Qarafi, chose to begin his work with this distinction because he spent approximately eight years investigating these two foundational rules before he was able to uncover and verify their true essence. The key differences between them include: *Requirements of Numbers* Testimony generally requires a specific number of people (often two) to be legally valid, whereas narration can be accepted from a single reliable individual. *Qualifications of the Person:* Testimony is more restrictive and often excludes certain groups such as slaves, women in specific legal contexts, or the blind while narration is more broadly accepted from any reliable person. *Categories of Information:* Al-Qarafi categorizes "news" (خبر) into three types: *pure narration* (like Hadith), *pure testimony* (like witnessing a right before a judge), and information that combines elements of both